Yuan Dynasty

Dates of power: 1279-1368 A.D.

Map of the Yuan Dynasty: http://www.chinatownconnection.com/images/yuandynastymap.gif

Reasons for take-over:

The Yuan Dynasty was the first time in history that China was controlled by foreigners, which were the Mongols. Mongolian is a group of people in the northeastern areas of China. Since the 12^th century, the Mongols were not united, but in 1204, leader of a Mongolian tribe named Tiemuzhen unifies together all the Mongolian tribes. Tuemuzhen was later called Genghis Khan as the ruler of the Mongolian empire. Mongol began to invade China. First, they were able to capture Xixia and the Jin Dynasty, and they continued to send military forces in to the Southern Song. The Song was the dynasty that has the most advanced technology and culture at that time therefore their military were not powerful. Due to superior military capabilities, China defeated against the Mongol empire in 1279.

Leaders of the Civilization:

Even though Genghis Khan was the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, he didn’t become the emperor of the Yuan. It was instead his grandson, Kublai Khan, who was fighting against Ariq Boke for the control of China. Lastly, Ariq Boke was captured in 1264. A few years after Kublai Khan became the emperor of China, he was able to control the whole China. Many of his advisors pressured him to expand the territory of the Yuan, but the expanding of the territory later failed against Japan Myanmar, Vietnam and Java. The Yuan Dynasty was successful under Kublai Khan’s control until his death in 1294. He wished that his son, Zhenjin would become the next emperor of China, but his son died before his death in 1985. Chengzong, Zhenjin’s (Kublai’s brother) son became the next emperor of China after the death of Kublai Khan. He tried to continue his grandfather‘s work, but corruption began when China was under Chengzong’s control.

Kublai Khan: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kublai_Khan.jpg

Leader from another civilization:

Charles I of Hungary was the military and financial reformer, who restores the Kingdom of Hungary to power. He was also called Charles Robert and was the king of Hungary from August 27, 1310. He controlled people by absolute rules. Under the control of Charles Robert of Hungary, there were many important political and economical reforms. He established the honour system, which is a system where good servants are given high positions and power instead of money. However, the king also have the right to remove them at anytime if he found out that the person in power is not worthy with it. He also controlled inflation, introducing new coins system, which became popular throughout Europe. This coin system help improve the merchant class as well as the treasury in Hungary. He also encouraged trade and kept taxes for the improvement of his army, which he used to expand his territory. He was able to make Hungary the major European power.

Charles I of Hungary: http://grunwald.iatp.by/pl/POLAND_files/21k.jpg

Accomplishments:

Technology:

The paiza was a passport that was made up of metal plaque. It later became a symbol of Mongol administration, and was used to control the communication of the Mongol empire. Most of the paizi were shaped as circles or rectangles and were worn either on clothing or worn as a necklace where the customs officers are able to see.

Mongol passport: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yuan/ho_1993.256.htm

Economy:

The Yuan spent a lot of money on trade and they have a lot of restrictions so the economy of the Yuan was pulled down. Even though roadways, canals, agriculture, irrigation, silk production, and postal system helped improved communication, higher taxes are required from peasants. Peasants would have to leave their homes to build canals and palaces to supply more tax money. At that time unsuccessful campaigns were launched against Japan which destroyed a large number of Chinese ships. That also causes difficulty in external trade due to the language difficulty; because Chinese people weren’t allowed to learn any other language. On the other hand, the foreigners outside of China were able to trade within China without any tax payment and restrictions. They were also given privileges by the Yuan. Marco Polo was one of the foreign merchants who were allowed to trade in China.

Marco Polo: http://elementaryteacher.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/marcopolo.jpg

Government Changes:

The Mongols were totally different from the Chinese in term of culture, language, form of dress, and customs, which make governing system harder than the other dynasties. Due to these differences, none of the government positions of the Yuan Dynasty were given to Chinese. They were instead given to the Mongols and other foreigners. The cultural gap between the Mongols and the Chinese led to a weaker government comparing to the other dynasties in the history of China. That also causes the punishments to be less cruel.

Current religion or philosophy:

The Yuan Dynasty promoted religious freedom. Mongolian people favored Daoism and Buddhism. They didn’t pressured China on religious and philosophy therefore Chinese people kept their same religion. Taoism remained vital all over China, while Confucianism continued.

The temple of Confucius: http://media.collegepublisher.com/media/paper988/stills/3fb42bc5c55ea-92-1.jpg

Reasons for fall:

The Yuan was considered to be the shortest dynasty comparing to the other major dynasties in the history of China. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols were considered to be one of the strongest military forces in the world, but the military forces became weaker due to the duty of the governing the new land of China. Another reason for the downfall of the Yuan was due to the fact that there were only non-Chinese people in the governing positions therefore the Chinese people were considered to be lower class people therefore they lost their influence in China as well. However, the Yuan also lost influence on the other Mongol lands across Asia. Mongols who were in China also see them as too Chinese therefore nobles, peasants and other military groups decided to overthrow the Yuan. The uprisings were led by Zhu Yuanzhang, which was able to capture the Yuan capital in 1367. Nature is also another factor that caused the fall of the Yuan Dynasty. The flooding of the Yellow River along the irrigation canals brought famine in the 1340’s.

Work Cited:

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/later_imperial_china/yuan.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yuan/ho_1993.256.htm

http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CHEMPIRE/YUAN.HTM

Characteristics of River Flooding

Causes

When it rains, some of the water is evaporated back into the atmosphere, but some will also drip from vegetation onto the soil creating small pools known as surface storage. Some of the water in the surface storage will absorb into the ground in the process of infiltration. If the water isn’t able to infiltrate into the soil due to impermeable or saturated soil, water will flow sideway on the surface which is referred to as surface runoff. They will then reach the river or lake. The water stored in the rivers may runoff to the sea.

River flooding occurs when water can’t no longer be stored or removed from the river because of too much water therefore water will overflow and submerges land. There are many reasons that can cause the amount of water in rivers to increase, which includes both natural and human causes. The natural causes include large amount of rainfall and snowmelt due to global warming. The major human cause of flooding is deforestation. Large areas of forests near the rivers are destroyed therefore there is no trees to soak up the water causing more water to runs off to the rivers.

[Source of picture: http://hk.geocities.com/ka_kit_one/causes2.htm]

Effects

River flooding can cause primary effects, secondary effects as well as long-term effects.
The primary effects include both physical damage and casualties. The physical damage includes buildings, houses, and everything along the direction of the flood is destroyed. River flooding also causes the loss of lives. The secondary effects of flooding include water supplies- there won’t be safe drinking water. Flooding can also lead to diseases such as dysentery and diarrhea. Another secondary effect of river flooding is food shortages. Due to flooding, all the crops will be destroyed. Flooding can also affect the economics of a country. There will be a temporary decline in tourism, extreme rebuilding costs, and food shortages can also lead to increase in food prize.

Flood doesn’t only damage the lives of humans and the man-made things, but flooding can also damage the nature. Flooding can cause soil erosion as well as destroy the wildlife habitat.

[Source for picture: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flood102405.JPG]

Areas affected by flooding

Every parts of the world can be affected by flooding. River flooding can occur both in upland rivers and lowland rivers. Flooding is temporary in upland rivers. The capacity of the river is increased when the water flows on the flood plain, and the flood goes away after the peak runoff has passed. A flood that happens suddenly with no warning is called a flash flood. These are usually caused by high amounts of rainfall in a small area. Longer flooding can occur in lowland rivers, where the slope is flatter. Downstream flooding can prevent drainage of upstream areas, leading to the trapping of water that is discharged from higher ground.

[Source for picture: http://www.water.gov.au/SiteImages/good_438up.jpg]

Effects of river flooding on LEDC’s and MEDC’s

Flooding occurs in every part of the world no matter that country is MEDC or LEDC, but usually LEDC’s are more affected by flooding than in MEDCs in terms of the loss of life and other damages. The main reason that LEDC’s is more affected by flooding than MEDC’s is related to money and economics.

• Due to a limited amount of money, there are limited available capital and technology in LEDC’s.
• There is also very little or no warning systems in LEDC’s therefore people won’t be able to escape from the flood.
• Due to bad health care, people in LEDC experiences more diseases after the flood. There are more rescue teams in MEDC’s than in LEDC’s.
• Poor quality housing in LEDC’s can’t withstand the water therefore they will all be destroyed while houses in MEDC’s are much stronger.

[Sources for pictures: http://www.everythingexmoor.org.uk/images/lynmouthflood6.jpg and http://www.riverside.com/projects/marketing_flyers/pix%5Cbangladesh_ofda_8(1).jpg]

Why do people live in areas where flood can occur?

Even though people know that flooding can damage them, but many of them still live in areas where they could experience flooding. There are many reasons that make people wanting to live in areas where flooding can occur. Areas near the river are areas where flooding usually occur, but people still live near the river. Rivers provide many things to people such as food and water. Most of the people in Egypt live along the Nile River because they have to rely on the river for their daily life. They use water for fishing, growing crops as well as for communication. People in Egypt take flooding as the advantage because flooding can also help make the soil more fertile allowing crops to grow.

[Source for picture: http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/images/geog04b.jpg]

Case Study: 1997 Grand Forks Flood

Date: April, 1997

Place: Grand Forks- a city that is located on the Red River, which is the border between North Dakota and Minnesota.

* The picture above is the map of the Red River before the flood *

[Source for picture: http://www.math.montana.edu/~nmp/materials/ess/hydrosphere/expert/rrf/red_river_flood/march30.jpg]

Causes:

The main cause of the Grand Forks flood is the weather conditions. The worst weather conditions in Grand Forks started from 1996-1997, where they receive 98.6 inches of snow. There are also 8 blizzards that hit Grand Forks.

The Eight Blizzards*

Name of the blizzard	Period of time	Snowfall	Accumulated
Andy	Nov. 16-17	12 in.	13.6 in.
Betty	Dec. 16-17	8.7 in.	38.2 in.
Christopher	Dec. 20	4.2 in.	42.4 in.
Doris	Jan. 9-11	8.8 in.	56.5 in.
Elmo	Jan. 14-16	0.4 in.	57.1 in.
Franzi	Jan. 22-23	8.6 in.	67.4 in.
Gust	March 4	0.2 in.	83.3 in.
Hannah	April 4-6	6.3 in.	97.4 in.
			Total: 98.6 in.

The last blizzard, Hannah was the biggest of all. It first begins with rain, which later freezes, Hannah lead to the enormous flood as the large amount of snow began to melt since March 21. As snow continued to melt, the amount of water in the Red River was climbing out of its banks and finally flooding occur in Grand Forks in April 18^th, 1997.

* This picture shows the map of the Red River during the flood *

[Source for picture: http://www.math.montana.edu/~nmp/materials/ess/hydrosphere/expert/rrf/red_river_flood/rvapril21.jpg]

Effects

• 300 homes are covered with water to their rooftops
• Dikes failed and water surges across the Red River Valley
• 8,700 residents were evacuated out of East Grand Forks and 52,000 residents were evacuated from Grand Forks.
• Electrical problem in the Security building caused a sparked fire, but trucks couldn’t get through the extremely high water therefore 11 buildings were damaged.

[Source for pictures: http://www.geo.mtu.edu/department/classes/ge404/mlbroder/during.html]

Protection measures

People who live along the Red River were able to prepare for the flood, but the amount of water were what they didn’t expect to happen. According to the National Weather Service, they predicted that the flood would be as high as 49 foot, but it turned out to be at 54 feet. People in Grand Forks had out in a lot of effort into dumping sand into the river as well as building sandbag dikes to prevent them from the flood. People also used sandbags and clay to strengthen dikes throughout the city. They built dikes that were 52 feet high, which they thought they were ready to handle the flood.

[Source for picture: http://www.geo.mtu.edu/department/classes/ge404/mlbroder/mitigate.html]

Conclusion

Flooding is one of the major problems in the world. It causes a lot of damage both to humans and environments. Flooding can causes many losses of lives, which can also decrease the population growth.

Another major world problem we are facing is global warming which is related to flooding. Global warming causes the temperature of the earth to increase due to the large amount of carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere. Global warming causes the ice from the north and south poles to melt, which will increase the amount of sea level. As time pass by, the climate is beginning to change from cold to hot and more ice will be melted, which might lead to a big flood where the whole world will be under water.

[Source for picture: http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/080402/Global_Warming.jpg]

Work Cited (information):

http://www.fenhydro.co.uk/Flooding_rivers.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Flood,_1997

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood

http://geobytesgcse.blogspot.com/2006/12/differences-in-flood-management-between.html

http://hk.geocities.com/ka_kit_one/causes2.htm

http://www.geo.mtu.edu/department/classes/ge404/mlbroder/during.html

http://www.geo.mtu.edu/department/classes/ge404/mlbroder/mitigate.html

http://www.geo.mtu.edu/department/classes/ge404/mlbroder/contrib.html